Carnitine Metabolism and Its Role in Fatty Acid Oxidation Creative Proteomics Carnitine shuttle system and beta oxidation of fatty acids The Role of l Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation Comprehensive review of the expanding roles of the carnitine pool in metabolic physiology: beyond fatty acid oxidation Journal of Translational Medicine Springer Nature Link Short Note On Carnitine Shuttle: Fatty acids are oxidized in mitochondria, and synthesized in the cytoplasm. Long chain fatty acids must form an active intermediate, fatty acyl CoA, before being oxidized inside mitochondria. Catherine L carnitine is primarily synthesized in the liver from the amino acids lysine and methionine through a series of four enzymatic reactions, with the liver and kidneys converting the precursor butyrobetaine into active